Math is one of the most essential components of life in the modern era, but what has withstood the test of time? Has math changed over time, and if so, what has been the cause of its evolution? In this article, we aim to take a closer look at how certain theories of mathematics have evolved over the centuries and what the implications may be for the future.
#1 – Prehistoric Mathematics
In the prehistoric era, mathematics typically concerned itself with matters such as trade and barter, including the transactions and trade negotiations unique to the period. Prehistoric mathematics relied heavily on observation and primitive mathematics, as well as non-standard ways of counting activities such as crop rotation and herd migrations. Despite the lack of written documentation due to the scarcity of writing technology, archaeological evidence suggests that this primitive form of mathematics was already in existence in some form.
For example, a Mesolithic-era tally stick was discovered in Scotland in 2005 which suggests a form of arithmetic was already being practiced during the Stone Age.
#2 – Ancient Egyptian Mathematics
The ancient Egyptians had a rudimentary understanding of mathematics, but their invention of the decimal system is perhaps their most lasting contribution. The Egyptians relied heavily on the use of hieroglyphics to record numbers, but they did recognize the notion of zero, which is a fundamental component of our current numerical systems.
With this in mind, the Egyptians were able to use fractional concepts and were able to solve basic problems including multiplication, division, and addition. Archaeological evidence from tombs suggests that many ancient Egyptians had a good understanding of basic mathematics.
#3 – Ancient Greek Mathematics
In terms of mathematics, the Ancient Greeks are perhaps the most credited people. Mathematics from the Greeks is a foundational part of our modern society as it was the Greeks who invented many of the terms and theories which form the basis of mathematics today. The Pythagoreans were an important Greek institution that centered around mathematical principles and the discovery of numbers.
Euclidean Geometry was another major contribution of the Greeks. This theory of mathematics showed us the connection between geometric shapes and the lengths of their sides.
#4 – Medieval Mathematics
The contributions of the Ancient Egyptians and Greeks may have revolutionized mathematics, but it was during the Middle Ages that more advanced concepts emerged. In the early 11th century, the astrologist and mathematician Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī developed the first known calculation algorithm and correctly reformatted the decimal system. His works effectively laid the foundations for the development of algebra, which would later become an integral part of mathematics.
#5 – Renaissance Mathematics
In the 16th century, mathematics saw an unprecedented explosion of new ideas and theories. This era is known as the mathematical Renaissance and it saw the rise of many notable figures like Pierre de Fermat, Galileo Galilei and Rene Descartes. These figures are credited with the development of complex theories like calculus, as well as analytical geometry.
The new mathematical theories which emerged from this period of intellectual rebirth made possible many of the advancements which we now take for granted and have allowed us to have much more control over the forces of nature.
#6 – Industrial Revolution Era Mathematics
The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century marked a major shift in mathematics. It was during the Industrial Revolution that mathematics went from a purely theoretical subject to a practical, applied one. The invention of the steam engine, the factory system, and the mass production of goods all depended on the application of mathematics to calculate the precise measurements needed in order to make them work.
Calculating machines and other new technologies made it possible to quickly perform complex mathematical calculations and data analysis, allowing for a much deeper understanding of the physical world.
#7 – 20th Century Mathematics
In the 20th century, mathematics underwent rapid advancement. Modern computers allowed for more efficient calculations to be performed, leading to the development of complex algorithms which could solve mathematical problems with speed and accuracy.
This opened up new fields of mathematics, such as linear programming, game theory and operations research. Furthermore, the scope of mathematics broadened significantly with the development of new theories such as set theory and category theory.
#8 – Mathematical Computing
In the 21st century, mathematics is progressing beyond the basic theories of the past. Mathematical computing involves the use of software and hardware to allow for the calculation of complex problems and simulations.
Computers now make it possible to explore questions which were previously impossible to answer, and this has opened up a whole new area of research for mathematicians and scientists.
#9 – Mathematics in Education
The teaching, learning, and understanding of mathematics have also changed over time. In modern times, the focus has been on teaching the fundamentals and the underlying principles with a more hands-on approach to learning.
With the abundant availability of technological tools and software, many students can benefit from interactive, visual learning, which can aid comprehension and explanation.
#10 – Mathematics in the Current Digital Era
The current digital era has seen mathematics become more integral part of the larger social, economic and scientific structures. Mathematics plays an increasingly influential role in data analysis and the prediction of numerous phenomena.
From the smallest micro-processors to the technologies of the future, mathematics is everywhere.
#11 – Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence
Machine learning and artificial intelligence are two fields that are heavily reliant on mathematics. AI requires solutions to challenging problems such as decision-making and pattern recognition, which are typically done with advanced approaches of mathematics, such as linear algebra and calculus.
Machine learning involves the use of data to train algorithms to make predictions, allowing for the analysis and recognition of complex information.
#12 – Cryptography and Data Encryption
Cryptography and data encryption are two other fields that draw heavily on mathematics. Cryptography relies heavily on complex numerical equations and algorithms, while data encryption involves the scrambling and encrypting of data to protect it from being accessed by unauthorized users. The encryption and decryption of data require the use of mathematical equations and algorithms that are designed to ensure the data remains secure.
#13 – Mathematics in the Future
The future of mathematics is an intriguing topic. As computing and machine learning technologies continue to advance, the use of mathematics will become more necessary.
The field of mathematics could become an integral part of our daily lives, either in the form of AI systems, predictive algorithms, or autonomous vehicles, as mathematics has the potential to shape the world as we know it.
Conclusion
Mathematics has evolved significantly over the centuries and continues to play an important role in our lives. From its primitive origins, it has developed into a highly sophisticated field which plays an essential role in the analysis and understanding of the world around us.
It seems likely that mathematics will remain a major influence in the decades and centuries ahead, though the specifics of what this looks like in the future remain to be seen.